siri 10.Melayu:orang yang pertama keliling dunia

[mohad]

sumber:http://theearlymalaydoctors.blogspot.my/2012/11/panglima-awang-2.html

Panglima Awang (2)

This is my understanding and opinions about Panglima Awang based on my reading of the links given in the first post by Ahmad Fuad on Panglima Awang.

Panglima Awang was a Malay warrior at the time of the Malacca Sultanate when Sultan Mahmud was the ruler (sultan). This was around 1509-1511, before the Portuguese attack on Malacca.

When the Portuguese attacked Malacca in 1511, they also attacked the palace of Sultan Mahmud and captured the court officials (hamba raja = hambarajas/hambarajes/ambarajes).

One of the captured court officials was Panglima Awang. If he was very dark, then he would be known as Panglima Awang Hitam. If he was slightly darker than the Portuguese Caucasians, then he would be just Panglima Awang. Awang is a common call name but it is uncommon to call a youth Awang in Malacca. Awang is used in Kelantan dialect to call a young boy, a youth, or a young man.

Even though Panglima Awang was a Malay court official of the Sultan Mahmud's palace, as with many court officials, they could come from any of the nearby regions surrounding Malacca. Most Malay warriors were Bugis if they came from the east (Borneo, Moluccas/Celebes, Papua New Guinea side). Otherwise they would be Minangkabau from Paya Kumbuh, a popular origin of the Malays of Malaysia. However, the Muslim warriors of the Minangkabau palace of Paya Kumboh, Sumatra only arrived in Malaya after the Dutch forces attacked Malacca; ie, circa 1641. So it is most likely that Panglima Awang was a local man from Malacca, and who worked for the court of the Malacca Sultanate under Sultan Mahmud at the time of the Portuguese attack on Malaccca.

The Portuguese forces defeated the Malacca Sultanate and captured Malacca and its people, including court officials, eg Panglima Awang. There maybe other court officials who were captured by the Portuguese but we may not have the entire history about the fall of Malacca to the Portuguese under Alfonso d'Albuquerque.

European captors such as the Portuguese in Malacca made their captives accept their religion. In the case with Panglima Awang, he was either forced or freely accepted into a new faith, the faith of his Christian conquerors. If he was a slave, he would have been forced and that could be for his own protection and/or safety. If he was not a slave and treated just like a friend, he probably merely followed the 'religion' of his non Muslim masters but never converted to Christianity. Even though Muslims do not convert to any religion, in those times and in times of battle or after losing battles, captives have no choice and follow the instructions of their captors with a heavy heart.

Did Panglima Awang accept Christianity and converted to Christianity? No. A Muslim remains a Muslim. Once a Muslim, always a Muslim. A apostate (murtad) would suffer grievous punishment.

What language(s) did Panglima Awang speak? He definitely spoke Malay (Bahasa Orang Melayu).

Why wasn't Panglima Awang able to communicate with the people in Cebu, Philippines? Cebuans speak their own language or dialect which is different from Malay. Tagalog contains common Malay words but Tagalog is a more recent language, arising from Malay.

If Panglima Awang was a Malay Muslim, and if he had died after arriving in the Philippines or Malacca, or anywhere in the Malay Archipelago, where were his siblings? Where is his grave today? If he was a Hindu and not a Muslim, what was his Hindu name?

Is it possible to have a small Filipino community in Malacca? Yes. There are Malacca Malay-Filipino marriages. One which I attended in Malacca was that of Mahani Mahabob's eldest brother who married a Filipino lady. She spoke English to us (Malacca children and teenagers).

Is it possible to have a small Portuguese community in Malacca? Yes. There is Portuguese Settlement in Malacca today. This is some distance from my village in Banda Hilir. People form that Settlement have assimilated into the larger Malacca mixed society today. These Portuguese descendants appear more Indian than Europeans but they have Portuguese surnames and British first names.

Could Panglima Awang come from any of the small communitites? Yes, indicating he was from overseas, most probably Sumatra, a large island in close proximity to Malacca. The passage from Sumatra to Malay is usually from Batu Bara to any of the ports on the Malayan western coastline. In this case Malacca, a popular seaport and famous trade centre.

Panglima Awang was said to be derived from a Sumatran lineage and his descendants resided in Rembau, even today. Panglima Awang himself married a Pahang lady. This is common knowledge for people who are descended from the royal household of the Minangkabau princes of Paya Kumboh. There should be approximately the 10th generation or more today in Rembau itself and proximity.

Panglima Awang was nicknamed Datuk Laut Dalam (Master of the Deep Seas) to avoid being found by the European captors. Much later, Mat Kilau did the same and used the nickname Mat Siam.

Why did his captors name him Enrique or Henry the Black? He was made their affiliate and he worked for them.

Was Palingma Awang a loyal servant to his Portuguese captain? Yes. Malay men, especially warriors, are loyal to their masters. They don't defect or they will die as traitors.

Was Panglima Awang a traitor to his Portuguese master and his crew? No idea.

Was Panglima Awang murdered in Mactan? No idea. Probably not. He was not an enemy of the locals so they wouldn't kill him. He did no harm to them. Malay communities do not kill unless it was a feud or battle or something they would stick their neck & life for. Malay men (warriors) are known to be loyal, rational and civilised.

Was Panglima Awang the sole survivor of the Mactan Massacre where Magellan died of wounds from (poisoned) arrows? No idea. He was probably the sole survivor of that massacre.

Did Panglima Awang plot Magellan's death? No idea. Usually no. It is a yes if the murder was for ransom.

Did Panglima Awang collude with Raja Humabon to kill or murder Magellan? No idea. A Malay warrior knows whom to side with, and usually he is loyal to his Malay fellows or countrymen.

Was Raja Humabon a Malay? Probably a Bugis and therefore the language was Bugis Malay. Humabon itself sounds like 2 words = Huma (tanah or land) + bon (a place or land called Bone in Sulawesi). I think this is old Malay.

Did Panglima Awang meet any Sulu ruler while in the Philippines? No idea. The British Queen was said to have married a Sulu ruler. This could mean that the issues and descendants are all related to the British Crown and nobility. They could pass as locals with black hair or other hair colours, and with black (iris) eyes or with colourful irises (blue, brown, dirty green or hazel).

Did Panglima Awang return to Malacca or his village (Rembau in Negeri Sembilan) to take revenge on his captors? No idea.

Is Panglima Awang a hero? No idea. He was the first to circumnavigate the globe but this is controversial from the European quarters who contend that Magellan was the first to do so.

Which nation shall claim the famous Panglima Awang as its national hero? No idea. He was a Malay hero shared by 3 nations - Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. He was a hero of the Malay World or the Malay Nation.

 

[mohad]

sumber: http://www.kompasiana.com/alchemist/catatan-antionio-pegafetta-anak-minangkabau-pengeliling-dunia-i_552bc40c6ea834b5058b45d9

Kalaulah tidak rajin berinternet ria, mungkin penulis dan barangkali sebagian kita masih meng-amini bahwa bangsa Barat (Eropa) lah atas nama Ferdinand Magellan asal Portugis sebagai manusia pertama dalam sejarah yang berhasil mengelilingi bumi ini dan membuktikan bahwa bumi ini bulat.

Peristiwa ini terjadi pada abad ke -14 silam. Namun, ketika ditelusuri lebih jauh, melalui fakta dan data yang ditemukan kemudian, lambat laun terungkaplah sudah bahwasanya yang berhasil menuntaskan berkelililing dunia itu ternyata bukanlah Ferdinan Magellan, tetapi adalah putra Minangkabau yang dikenal dengan gelar Datuk Laut Hitam atau Panglima Awang atau Henry The Black atau Enrique di Malacca.

Hal ini terdapat pada catatan Antionio pegafetta di museum Spanyol. Sejarah singkatnya, Datuk Laut Hitam ini pada usia belasan tahun pergilah merantau ke negeri yang disebut-sebut orang sekampungnya sangatlah ramai dan maju kehidupannya yaitu kerajaan Melaka di Semenanjung Malaysia. Di negeri melayu itu dia tumbuh besar belajar berbagai bahasa dan ilmu pengetahuan. Ditengah masa itu Kerajaan Malaka jatuh ke tangan Portugis.

Datuk Laut Hitam yang ikut berjuang bersama pemuda melayu setempat melawan tentara portugis tertangkap dan dijadikan budak di kapal perang portugis. Nasibnya berubah setelah seorang pegawai tentera yang bernama Ferdinand Magellan mengetahui kemampuan Datuk Laut hitam yang pandai berbahasa portugis, diapun diangkat menjadi juru bahasa dan pembantu pribadi Ferdinand Magellan.

Diapun kemudian seterusnya dibawa ke Lisbon, Portugis pada 1512. Lalu dibabtis dan diganti namanya oleh Ferdinan menjadi Enrique de Malacca (belakangan diketahui walau secara formal ia mau dibabtis dan diganti namanya oleh tuannya adalah agar bisa terus bertahan hidup dan suatu ketika nanti bisa kembali kekampung halamannya, namun dalam hatinya tetaplah Islam agamanya, sikapnya ini sesuai dengan pepatah Minangkabau: "iyokan nan diurang, lalukan nan diawak")

Raja Portugis Charles I kemudian memerintahkan Ferdinan Magelan untuk melakukan ekspedisi ke arah Barat untuk menemukan sumber rempah-rempah baru yang selama ini belum pernah dilakukan. Selama ini ekspedisi selalu dilakukan ke arah Timur sampai akhirnya Portugis menemukan Malaka hingga ke maluku. Dalam Ekspedisi ini Ferdinand membawa serta Datuk Laut Hitam atau yang sudah berganti nama Enrique de Malacca. Pada masa itu Ferdinan Magellan membawa angkatan kapal yang terdiri dari 5 buah kapal yaitu San Antonio, Conception, Victoria, Santiago dan kapalnya sendiri, Trinidad bersama kelasi seramai 270 orang.

Dibawa juga seorang pencatat perjalanan berkebangsaan Italia bernama Antionio Pegafetta. Singkat cerita, berdasarkan catatan Antionio Pegafetta yang terdapat di meseum Spanyol, pada 20 September 1519 mereka mendarat di pelabuhan Sancular di Barrameda kemudian lanjut belayar arah ke Barat menyeberangi Lautan Atlantik. Kemudian tiba di benua Amerika Latin dan menyeberangi Selat yang dinamakan sesuai namanya selat Magellan, merentasi Lautan Pasifik, Pulau Guam dan akhirnya tiba di perairan Kepualauan Pasifik.

Pada 16 Maret 1521, mereka sampai Kepulauan Filipina. Di kepulauan Filipina ini ternyata bahasa masyarakatnya hampir mirip dengan masyarakat Melayu di Malaka atau kepulauan Nusantara (indonesia). Di Kepulauan Sibu, Filipina, Ferdinand Magellan atas kepiawaian diplomasi Enrique de malacca yang pandai berbahasa melayu setempat mereka bisa berhubung dengan Raja Humabon. Raja Humabon pada waktu itu yang pura-pura tunduk kepada Magellan atas saran Enrique meminta bantuan untuk meredamkan pemberontakan Labu-labu di perkampungan Mactan.

Catatan Antionio menyebutkan Sabtu 27 April 1521, Magellan telah menyerang Pulau Mactan bersama 600 orang tentara menggunakan senapang, meriam, senjata besi dan lain-lain. Namun sayang Magellan terbunuh oleh panah beracun yang mengenainya pada waktu itu. Beberapa kapal Magelan dibakar oleh 1500-an pendukung pemberontak Labu-labu. Pasukan Magellan tersisa akhirnya mundur dengan kapal Victoria yang tersisa, kapten diambil alih seorang tentara bernama Duarte Barbosa. Perangai Duarte yang sombong dan pongah tidak disukai oleh sebagian awak kapal termasuk Enrique de Malacca. Atas kecerdikan diplomasinya Enrique berhasil mempengaruhi Duarte Barbosa memenuhi undangan Raja Himabon yang akan menghadiahkan permata dan emas untuk Raja Charles I sebelum berlayar kembali ke Portugis untuk meminta bantuan.

Namun ternyata itu cuma jebakan Enrique, Duarte Barbarosa dan sebagian besar anak buahnya berhasil dibunuh oleh pasukan Raja Himabon atas desakan Enrique. Dari catatan Antionio yang berhasil selamat dan melarikan diri kembali ke Portugis hanya tersisa 27 orang. Mereka dipimpin oleh Sebastian Elcano asal spanyol , bendera kapal kemudian diganti dengan bendera spanyol dan sampai di spanyol pada 9 Jun 1522. Enrique tidak turut serta di kapal tersebut. Catatan Antionio mengatakan Enrique hilang pada saat kerusuhan di jamuan makan tersebut.Atas kesepakatan Raja Portugis dan Spanyol ditetapkanlah untuk menghormati jasa-jasanya Ferdinan Magellan ditetapkan sebagai orang pertama yang mamu membuktikan bumi itu bulat, walau pada dasarnya tidak sampai kembali ke Portugis, dan menetapkan bahwa Sebastian Elcano yang berhasil merampungkan tugas ekspedisi tersebut.

Sedang nama Enrique tidak disebut-sebut, hanya ditulis dicatatan kecil di catatan resmi Ationio pegaffeta sebagai jurubahasa yang mendampingi Magelan dan merupakan orang Zumatera (Minangkabau). Catatan sejarah Malaysia menyebutkan bahwa Enrique setelah peristiwa jamuan makan raja Himabon itu, menolak tawaran Raja himabon untuk tinggal di Filipina, dia bergabung dengan pedagang bugis bernama Daeng Samaluki, salah seorang keturunan Raja Bugis dan membawanya ke Linggi, Negeri Sembilan pusat suku Minangkabau di Negeri Melayu. Semasa tiba di Linggi Panglima Awang baru berusia 30 an, disana dia menikah dengan wanita tempatan keturunan Jawa anak seorang pengikut Dato' Leteh bangsawan Negeri sembilan. Pada pernikahan itu ia mempunyai seorang anak lelaki yang akhirnya menjadi Undang Rembau ke-2 Negeri sembilan iaitu Dato' Lel0 Maharajo Dato' Ombo - Biduanda Jawa (1555-1605).

Dari zaman anak beliaulah maka penyandang Undang Rembau digilirkan antara keturunan Biduanda Jakun dan Biduanda Jawa. Disebutkan juga pada masa di negeri sembilan juga beliau pernah melancarkan serangan untuk merebut Melaka dari tangan Portugis dengan berganti nama menjadi Panglima Awang, usaha itu hampir saja berhasil kalau tidak digagalka oleh pasukan Inggris yang merebut malaka dari tangan Portugis. Beliau diburu oleh Pasukan inggris. namun tidak berhasil karena berganti nama menjadi Datok Laut Dalam. Kisah tentang beliau ini siapaun namanya kalau di malaysia disebut 'Panglima Awang', atau sejarah negeri sembilan menyebut Dato Laut Dalam jelas adalah manusia pertama di dunia mengelilingi dunia dan bukannya Ferdinan Magellan. Sebab Magelan tidak mengitari satu bulatan bumi karena tewas di Mactan Filipina, sedang beliau bermula berlayar dari Melaka ke Portugis lalu berlayar ke arah barat dan akhirnya kembali ke Melaka.

 

[mohad]

sumber:http://www.pilipino-express.com/history-a-culture/in-other-words/758-first-around-world.html


Who was the first person to travel all the way around the world? Most people would probably answer, “Ferdinand Magellan” – and they would be partly correct. However, ask almost any Filipinos about Magellan and they could tell you that he died in the Philippines fighting Chief Lapulapu.

It was 489 years ago this month that Magellan happened to sail into Philippine waters. He didn’t survive his expedition but eventually 18 members of his original crew of about 260 made it all the way back to Spain and, in so doing, completed a three-year voyage that took them all the way around the world.

However, one member of the crew might have accomplished this feat even before the voyage was finished. Some historians have speculated that Magellan’s Malay interpreter, known as Enrique de Malacca, was the first person to travel all the way around the earth – and some have even claimed that Enrique was a Filipino.

Where did the first world traveller come from?

Enrique’s origin is the subject of some debate among historians and it has a direct bearing on whether he was the first person to circle the earth.

Back in 1511, eight years before his final voyage began, Magellan had served his Portuguese king in battles of conquest that took him as far east as Malacca, on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula. There he bought a young slave and eventually brought him back to Portugal. The slave, whose true name was never recorded, was baptized and given the Christian name Enrique de Malacca, or “Henry of Malacca.”

This was the name that Magellan called his slave but he might have just assumed that Enrique was born in Malacca because that was where he was bought. After all, Magellan’s main concern was that Enrique spoke Malay and could serve as his interpreter. Malay was the common language for trading throughout most of Southeast Asia at that time.

On at least one occasion, Magellan is known to have said that Enrique came from another place. In 1518 Magellan presented Enrique to some ministers in the court of the king of Spain as a native of the Spice Islands (known today as the Maluku Islands and formerly the Moluccas), about 600 km south of Mindanao. Magellan was trying to drum up support for an expedition to the Spice Islands at the time so it is quite likely that he was just using Enrique as a sort of promotional gimmick. Just a year later, Magellan wrote his last will and testament in preparation for his epic voyage. According to the will, Enrique was a beneficiary, approximately 26 years old and “a native of the city of Malacca” – not the Moluccas. The will also promised Enrique his freedom and the sum of 10,000 maravedis (about $1300 Canadian today) upon Magellan’s death.

Regardless of where Magellan might have thought Enrique was born, the most reliable account of his origin is probably that of Antonio Pigafetta, an Italian scholar who served as the expedition’s chronicler. Much of what we know today about Magellan’s famous voyage has come to us from Pigafetta’s journal, including observations about the customs and languages of the people they encountered. Pigafetta wrote that Enrique was really from Sumatra, the home island of the Malay language, directly south of Malacca and now a part of modern-day Indonesia. Considering that Pigafetta and Enrique spent over a year and a half together on the voyage, it is quite likely that it was Enrique himself who told Pigafetta that he was from Sumatra.


The Philippine connection

Magellan didn’t intend to “discover” the Philippines or even to sail around the world. His mission was to find a water route through the Americas (the Strait of Magellan), which would be a shortcut to their ultimate destination, the Spice Islands in Southeast Asia. At that time nobody in Europe knew that the Pacific Ocean, the largest body of water in the world, separated America and Asia. By the time Magellan’s armada got to the Philippines they had been away from Spain for over a year and a half and had survived countless storms, starvation, scurvy and mutinies – and they were still not sure how far they were from the Spice Islands.

Their first Philippine contact did not make things any clearer. The people from Suluan who met Magellan’s expedition on the Visayan island of Homonhon could only communicate with the Europeans through an improvised sign language and a few words, which they had taught to each other.


Enrique’s supposed connection to the Philippines is based on the story of Magellan’s second encounter with Filipinos. Schoolbooks tell us that Magellan’s armada went to Limasawa, just off the southern tip of Leyte, and conducted the first Catholic mass in the Philippines with Rajah Kolambu. The location of this event has been refuted in recent years by solid research, championed by the historian Vicente de Jesus, which shows that it likely occurred in a place called Mazaua near Butuan in northern Mindanao. It was here that Enrique discovered that he could easily converse with the locals in his own language, Malay. This was a welcome surprise for Magellan and several other witnesses who wrote about the incident because it meant that they were getting close to the Spice Islands.

Some modern-day writers, such as Carlos Quirino, misinterpreted this story and have claimed that because Enrique and the Visayans could understand each other, Enrique must have been speaking Cebuano and therefore he must have been from Cebu. Also, because he was presumably captured in Cebu then taken to Malacca, sold to Magellan and eventually carried all the way from Spain, westward to the Philippines, Quirino concluded that Enrique – a Filipino – was the first person to travel all the way around the world.

Unfortunately, this interpretation does not stand up to the facts. None of the witnesses in the 1500s said that Enrique was from Cebu or that he spoke Cebuano to the people of the Visayas. Pigafetta said that Enrique was from Sumatra and another witness, Gines de Mafra, said that he spoke Malay to the islanders, which was the common language of trade in most of Southeast Asia. As Pigafetta wrote, “the slave [Enrique] spoke to the king [Rajah Siaiu], who understood him well. For, in that country, the kings know more languages than the common people do.”


And the rest is history…

After spending several days in Mazaua, Magellan’s armada sailed on toward the port of Cebu where they planned to buy more food and supplies. In Cebu, the now-familiar story took place. Magellan ordered a cross to be erected on a nearby hilltop. He then met with Rajah Humabon who, with some other local rulers, subsequently submitted to Spanish rule and allowed himself, his wife and about 2200 other Filipinos to be baptized as Christians.

However, Lapulapu, one of the rulers of the nearby island of Maktan, refused to submit even after Magellan had one of his villages burned to the ground. In the final showdown Magellan arrogantly refused the aid of hundreds of Cebuano allies who had to stand on the sidelines as more than 1000 of Lapulapu’s warriors easily defeated Magellan’s force of 49 European attackers. Magellan was literally hacked to pieces.

Enrique’s revenge

After Magellan’s death, the surviving members of his crew elected his brother-in-law, Duarte Barbosa and the Spanish captain, Juan Serrano as co-commanders of the three remaining ships of the armada. They planned to leave the Philippines immediately and head for the Spice Islands, but as far as Enrique was concerned, his slave days were done. According to Magellan’s will, he was now free and 10,000 maravedis richer.

The co-commanders saw it differently though, and told Enrique that he was still a slave and that he now belonged to Magellan’s widow back in Spain. Enrique refused to work or to leave the ship Trinidad to interpret on shore. Barbosa and Serrano bullied him and threatened to whip him until Enrique eventually caved in and stormed off the ship.

At this point Enrique apparently went directly to Humabon and persuaded him to turn against the Europeans – according to the Europeans’ side of the story. At the very least, it is likely that Enrique told Humabon that the ships were about to leave. Humabon could not afford to lose his heavily armed Spanish protectors while Lapulapu was looking to take revenge on all of Magellan’s allies in Cebu. Humabon had to either appease Lapulapu or he had to get Magellan’s weapons.

On May 1, 1521, Humabon invited all the Europeans to a farewell banquet, promising a big feast and many more treasures to take home to the king of Spain. About 30 members of the crew, including the commanders, accepted the invitation. Once they were well fed, and probably drunk, Humabon’s men attacked and slaughtered 27 of the guests. The three ships escaped Cebu and Captain Serrano was left on the shore, a hostage begging for his life while angry Cebuanos destroyed the cross that had been erected. (That’s right. The famous cross that stands in Cebu today is not really Magellan’s cross.)

Happily ever after?

Enrique’s ultimate fate is not known. He did not leave Cebu with the armada and nothing of his life after the massacre was ever reported. But for those who believe that Enrique was a Cebuano who had circled the globe, his story did not end there.

Carlos Quirino concocted a whole life story for Enrique in 1995 in his Who’s Who in Philippine History. Quirino claimed Enrique’s birthplace was Carcar, Cebu and he recounted how pirates captured Enrique while he was fishing near Cebu and then sold him into slavery in Malacca. After the Cebu massacre he supposedly served Humabon as a Spanish and Portuguese interpreter, raised a family and lived past the age of 70 only to die just before the conquistador Legazpi could land in Cebu in 1565 to corroborate Quirino’s story.

Quirino provided no specific source for his information about Enrique in the bibliography of his book. In March 2003, four years after his death, his son Richie Quirino claimed in a series of articles by Bambi Harper of the Philippine Daily Inquirer that Magellan concealed Enrique’s true origin so that he could claim to be the first person to have circled the earth. Apparently, every one of Enrique’s contemporaries who ever wrote about him must have been part of the cover up, too, because none of them said he was from Cebu, either.

The younger Quirino also speculated that when Magellan was in Malacca in 1511, he sneaked away from the Portuguese fleet to explore the Philippines. His return to the Philippines in 1521 would have made him (and Enrique) the first person to travel around the world but his chronicler and number one fan, Antonio Pigafetta, never recorded Magellan making such a claim – nor could he make the claim if he had been concealing the fact that he had already visited the Philippines 10 years before.

Quirino’s assertion is doubtful for so many reasons, not the least of which is that Magellan never planned to circumnavigate the world. His intention was quite the opposite. The king of Spain had sent him to find a westward route to the Spice Islands so that they could avoid their Portuguese rivals who travelled the eastward route. Magellan especially wanted to avoid the Portuguese because he had defected to Spain and his former countrymen were out for his blood. Furthermore, even if Magellan did have a secret plan to circle the globe, Enrique still would have been the first to do it when they reached the Spice Islands, one of the places that had been documented as his place of birth.

Enrique was not a Filipino but he was a fellow kayumanggi. And since nothing is known about his life after Magellan’s death, there is a possibility that he eventually returned to his home in Sumatra. And if he got there in less than 16 months, before Pigafetta and the other 17 survivors of Magellan’s expedition returned to Spain, he might have actually been the first person to travel around the world.

 

[mohad]

sumber:http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/02/03/letters-who-circumnavigated-earth-first.html

At school we were taught that the first man to circumnavigate the earth was Ferdinand Magellan (Fernao Magallhaes in Portuguese, Fernando de Magallanes in Spanish) in 1521. Being killed in Mactan, the Philippines on April 27, 1521, Ferdinand Magellan did not complete the “circumnavigation of the earth”. His farthest previous journey to the eastern part of Southeast Asia archipelago was to Brunei.

The other source of information about this most amazing voyage in the history of humankind is a report written by Maximillianus Transylvanus who interviewed Magellan’s surviving men who managed to return to Spain. The report was printed in 1523 under the title of “De Moluccis Insulis” (“The Moluccas Island”). MaximilianusTransylvanus was an assistant to the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (1519-56) who was also the King of Spain Charles (Carlos) I (1516-56).

In the record of his world tour Pigafetta wrote that Magellan was assisted by an assistant who Pigafetta said came from Sumatra, Enrique de Malacca, or Enrique el Negro (Henry the Black). In other transcripts he was also called Enrique de Molucca, perhaps by Transylvanus, because it was Transylvanus who declared that Henry Black came from the Moluccas.

Pigafetta wrote one of the reasons Magellan could convince King Carlos I of Spain to finance his voyage was the presence of Enrique el Negro who fascinated the curious king with his physical looks and his multilingual talent. Ferdinand Magellan set out from Sanlucar de Barrameda on September 20, 1519 carrying about 270 men of various ethnic, racial and national origins.

For more than 400 years, no one ever thought about the possibility that Enrique el Negro was the first human to circumnavigate the earth. In 1958, a Malay novelist Harun Aminurrashid said that Enrique el Negro was the first man to have that honor. And he said that Enrique el Negro is a Malayan Malay (Malaysia did not exist until 1963), as opposed to an Indonesian Malay. The Malay writer was polite enough to say that Enrique el Negro was a Malay who came from Sumatra.

In 1980, Carlos Quirino, a Filipino historian and author, said that Enrique el Negro was a Filipino, with the argument that he could directly communicate with the natives when he arrived in Cebu, while Pigafetta’s records clearly stated that Enrique el Negro could not understand what the natives said.

Enrique el Negro is Indonesian! Why was he called black? A Sumatran being black is a rarity. Magellan must have cautiously prepared his voyage westward to the Moluccas and turned back to Spain. He needed a person who understood everything about the archipelago, especially the Moluccas.

One more argument that supports this theory is that during his journey Pigafetta wrote a dictionary of the languages he encountered during the voyage. Of 460 words in his dictionary, only 160 words are not Malay. One can argue that he was assisted by Enrique, who was on the same ship as him for 18 months. Among the words collected, a lot of them came from the Moluccas as admitted by Pigafetta.

Whatever the case, Enrique had completed the 360 degree circumnavigation of the world, because Mactan is at longitude 123 ° 58 ‘E, and Ambon is 128 ° 12’E.

People from the Scandinavian countries were proud about the fact the first European to discover American was their countryman Leif Eriksson, who had visited Nova Scotia in Canada, and not Columbus. We too can do the same thing.


Reinhard R. Tawas
Jakarta

 

[mohad]

sumber:http://www.positivelyfilipino.com/magazine/magellans-interpreter-enrique-was-the-first-to-circumnavigate-the-world

Magellan’s Interpreter, Enrique, Was the First to Circumnavigate the World
Penélope V. Flores


The Portuguese claim that Fernão Magalhães (Portuguese orthography) found the route around the world when he circumnavigated it and showed that the Earth was indeed round. Others claim he was killed in a battle with the natives of Mactan, Cebu, so his trip around the world was truncated or not completed.

However, we have verifiable facts that show Fernando Magallanes (Hispanized orthography) did really sail around the world. But it was his Malay interpreter who should truly be credited with the impressive feat.

James Michener, in his Iberia, reported heated arguments with his royal Spanish grandee friends that it was Magellan, not Sebastian del Cano, (also known as Elcano) who first circumnavigated the world. Of course, they cited as proof that King Charles V awarded the noble Basque, del Cano, the family crest that depicted the earth and the declaration: “Primus circumdediste me” (You were the first to circumnavigate me).

The Spanish Armada de Moluccas, consisted of the Trinidad, Magellan’s flagship, the Victoria together with the San Antonio, the Concepcion, and the Santiago. This fleet left Spain in 1519 to reach the Spice Islands by going west, and ultimately found the Philippines instead.

Three years later, only the Victoria, captained by del Cano returned to Sevilla, Spain in 1522 with 18 crewmen, raggedly cadaverous and near death. They had first rounded the world.

They got the royal citation; but the true honor belongs to Magellan and to Magellan’s intrepid servant listed on the ship’s roster as a certain “Enrique, a slave supernumerary.” When they reached Cebu, by sheer accident, he proved to be Magellan’s interpreter.

Let’s review Magellan’s travel campaigns that connect Enrique to his side, and of Enrique vying for the inconvertible proof of being the first circumnavigator of the Earth.

In 1511, the Portuguese fleet captained by de Sequiera captured Malacca.

“In Europe, Enrique was acculturated within the Portuguese and Spanish societies.”

Magellan participated in this war campaign. The following year, Magellan further joined the Portuguese navy of Admiral Affonso de Albuquerque in sacking the rich Sultan of Malacca’s palace and its temple environs called Pura. It was in the Sultanate’s Pura complex that Magellan obtained a captured slave, 16-year-old Malay whom he named Enrique. Enrique was at his side in all the war efforts including Ceuta, Mozambique, Goa and Mactan.

A very interesting event took place earlier, back when Magellan was in the port of Malacca. Three ships reconnoitered the Sulawesi/Mindanao/Moluccas seas. A caravel piloted by Abreu went from Malacca to Amboina. A second caravel piloted by Serrano went to Ternate where he anchored and stayed. A third ship reportedly piloted by Magellan went further northeast of Sulawesi to the northeastern coast of Mindanao on 9 degrees north latitude. Nothing has been written about this last third explorative Magellan trip, so many doubt it ever happened.

However, it was through Enrique’s seaworthiness that Magellan realized he was in new territories sailing on the 9 and 10 degrees latitude. Studiously, he kept his southern and northeastern Mindanao portulan charts (coastline maps) updated for further explorations. This explains why on the consequent trip that brought him to the discovery of the Philippines, the Genoese pilot, Albo, of the Magellan Armada, noted in his log that nearing the Spice Islands, he was directed to veer 9 degrees north latitude. He added: “It was as if Magellan knew exactly where he was going.” Indeed, he did. Cebu lies 10 degrees north latitude from the Equator. Enrique assured him of that.

How did Enrique happen to be in a sultanate court?

Malacca had been an Asian active mercantile trading post in the early 14th to 15th centuries. Many neighboring countries (Pagan in Cambodia, Ayutthaya in Thailand, Annam in Vietnam, Borney in Borneo), established their own regional spheres of maritime influence within Malacca. The traders from Luzon, Cebu and also of Butuan, Mindanao established their own market posts in the city of Minjam, on the island of Sumatra facing the Malacca strait. Historian Donald Lach recorded that Minjam had a population comprising about 500 Sugbuanes and Butuanes families (then lumped geographically together as Luzones). It had an elected commercial representative to the Malacca Sultanate Court.

It was the common practice at that time that leaders or representatives of the different trading posts sent their brightest sons to serve in the Sultan’s court. My own research leads me to suggest a son of Minjam served in the sultanate palace when the Portuguese forces captured Malacca. But, I have no definite proof. Magellan in his will said Enrique was a “captured” slave.

Enrique was known as Enrique, the Sumatran. In others, he was called Enrique the Malay, or Black Henry. But in truth I suggest that he was Enrique from Minjam of Sumatra, of Mazzaua or Butuan roots. Most likely a Filipino. This of course is meaningless because at that time, the category “Filipino” had not been invented yet.

In Europe, Enrique was acculturated within the Portuguese and Spanish societies. When Magellan sought an audience with King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, making a pitch for the promise of the discovery route to the Spice Island by traveling westward through the Pacific, he presented Enrique to the royal rulers’ court as a human specimen to show he actually came from the nearby Spice Islands.


When Magellan reached the Philippine islands in 1521, he had crossed the Atlantic through the strait in South America that now carries his name. Then he traversed the wide Pacific. Remember, Enrique sailed in this expedition.

If we consider that when Magellan was in Malacca in 1511, he further sailed to the Visayan islands south of Luzon. Then having returned to Cebu in 1521, he had virtually and geographically circumnavigated the globe.

If on the other hand, Enrique’s original family came from the islands’ trading post/s of Mazzaua/Butuanes, then if they had entered the mercantile trading center in Minjam, Sumatra, it is very likely that his family may have imparted their Filipino influence within the Malay sultanate. We have no direct evidence except historical Southeast Asian documents regarding a rich Filipino trading community in Minjam in the early 16th century.

There are several speculations that Enrique lived in Cebu and was captured by Sulu pirates and sold at the slave market in Malacca. It is possible. However, I do not agree with this view. I contest it on the grounds that slaves in the Sultan’s court seldom come as purchased goods from the marketplace. Most significantly, slaves in many royal sultan courts are captured fighters from battlefields.

The sultan of Malacca’s enemies made regular incursions against the reigning ruler. Records show the Filipinos in Minjam unfortunately often backed the losing sultans. I maintain that Enrique was a soldier in a defeated army (the Sumatrans were always waging war against Malaccan potentates) and hence many Malays were captured and enslaved.

Be that as it may, Enrique, as Magellan’s slave, sailed with Magellan across the oceans back to his South East Asian roots. It was of great surprise and interest that when Magellan landed in Homonhon, Enrique could understand the cognate Visayan dialects spoken. Several realized that Magellan’s interpreter spoke so eloquently and passionately, better than Magellan himself!

Either that or else the chieftains in the vicinity spoke Malay as noted by Magellan’s chronicler Antonio Pigafetta. The Malay language was the lingua franca of commerce at that point in time,

With full astonishment, everyone observed how brilliantly Enrique translated for Magellan and with Rajah Tupas of Cebu. He argued, debated and communicated with the chief of Mactan, Datu Lapu-Lapu. He was almost killed with Magellan in the battle of Mactan in April 1521.

If Enrique was by Magellan’s side in all these voyages of discovery; if Magellan circumnavigated the world before Sebastian del Cano did in 1523; and if Enrique was first domiciled in the Visayan islands and then years later returned to the Visayan islands (including Cebu) with Magellan, then tell me, who really first circumnavigated the world?

“It was Enrique,” wrote the noted author and National Artist Frankie Sionil José, in his article echoing Carlos Quirino’s view about Magellan’s slave interpreter. I support his assertions.

 

[mohad]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-uxQAX6fIsI

 

[mohad]

TIDAK ramai pihak termasuk rakyat Malaysia mengetahui ratusan tahun lalu, seorang pemuda Melayu dari Melaka pernah mencatatkan pencapaian dan penemuan terbesar dalam sejarah dunia.

Pemuda itu memecahkan antara misteri terbesar menyelubungi masyarakat dunia ketika itu tetapi selama ratusan tahun, peranan dan sumbangan tokoh terbabit dipercayai `disembunyikan' sejarawan Barat.

Sebelum ini, masyarakat silam cenderung menganggap bumi berbentuk leper dan pelayaran berterusan merentasi lautan menyebabkan manusia jatuh ke ruang misteri `di bawah' Bumi.

Bagaimanapun, misteri itu berjaya disanggah pemuda Melayu bersama rakan pelayarannya dalam ekspedisi merentas lautan diketuai pelayar terkemuka Ferdinand de Magellan pada tahun 1519.

Ekspedisi bersejarah itu akhirnya membuktikan Bumi berbentuk bulat yang mampu menghubungkan dunia Timur dengan Barat.

Selama ratusan tahun, pelayar Barat seperti Magellan dan Sebastian Elcano dijulang dan dikenang sebagai tokoh membongkar hakikat rahsia itu dan pencapaian pemuda Melayu itu selaku `manusia pertama mengelilingi dunia' seolah-olah cuba disembunyikan.

Ikuti ekspedisi Magellan

Bagaimanapun, beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini, segelintir pengkaji mula menilai semula jurnal ekspedisi Magellan yang direkodkan pencatat pelayaran, Antonio Pigafetta dan sejak itulah mereka mula menyedari kewujudan pemuda Melayu terbabit.

Ketika itulah, terlintas di fikiran mereka hakikat pemuda terbabit sebagai manusia pertama mengelilingi dunia lantaran beliau 'mengembara' dari Melaka ke dunia Timur seterusnya merentasi laut Barat sehingga kembali semula ke tempat asalnya di Asia Tenggara.

Siapakah sebenarnya pemuda Melayu itu? Nama, asal usul dan latar belakangnya tidak diketahui tetapi dalam kalangan pengkaji Barat, beliau dikenali 'Henry the Black' atau 'Enrique de Malacca'.

Pengembaraan beliau mengelilingi dunia bermula apabila Portugis menakluk Melaka pada tahun 1511 yang menyebabkan ratusan pemuda Melayu ditangkap dan dibawa menggunakan kapal ke Lisbon sebagai tawanan perang atau dijual sebagai hamba.

Sebaik tiba di wilayah asing itu, lelaki terbabit 'berkhidmat' dengan Magellan dan namanya ditukar kepada 'Henry the Black' atau 'Enrique de Malacca'.

Magellan kemudian berhijrah ke Sepanyol bersama Enrique dan ketua negara itu, Raja Charles I, kemudian mengarahkan pelayar Portugis itu belayar mencari tanah dan harta untuk Kerajaan Sepanyol.

Pemimpin tertinggi Kristian, iaitu Pope, bagaimanapun mensyaratkan jika Sepanyol ingin belayar, mereka tidak boleh lagi ke Timur yang diperuntukkan kepada Portugis, sebaliknya Sepanyol perlu belayar ke Barat.

Arahan itu menimbulkan kekhuatiran dalam kalangan kelasi kerana pelayaran ke Barat masih belum banyak diterokai dan amat misteri.

Akibatnya, tanpa kelasi, Magellan terpaksa mengambil banduan sebagai anak kapal. Selain Enrique, orang kanan Magellan adalah Elcano dan Pigafetta.

Penemuan dunia baharu

Pada tahun 1519, kumpulan kapal ekspedisi meninggalkan pelabuhan Seville menuju horizon Barat.

Pelayaran menempuh pelbagai kepayahan sehingga ramai kelasi sakit dan mati, malah memberontak meminta Magellan berpatah balik.

Bagaimanapun, penentangan sedikit reda apabila benua baharu ditemui di Amerika Selatan, setahun kemudian. Pelayaran turut menemui Selat Magallaes yang dinamakan sempena nama Magellan.

Tidak puas dengan penemuan dunia baharu itu, Magellan ingin meneruskan pelayaran ke Barat sehingga konflik kembali tercetus dalam kalangan kelasi.

Walaupun ditentang, Magellan meneruskan pelayaran memasuki Lautan Pasifik. Pelbagai masalah timbul antaranya ada kapal hilang, selain krisis bekalan makanan meruncing menyebabkan kelasi kebuluran.

Penderitaan dikelilingi lautan akhirnya berakhir apabila pada tahun 1521, satu lagi daratan ditemui apabila ekspedisi itu tiba di Pulau Cebu, Filipina.

Berlabuh di situ, Enrique menyedari pelayaran berterusan mereka ke Barat sudah menemui dunia Timur apabila mendapati pertuturan penduduk pulau itu menyamai bahasa Melayu.

Jurnal Pigafetta mencatatkan Enrique bertindak sebagai jurubahasa antara pelayar dengan penduduk asli tetapi tidak lama kemudian, mereka terbabit dalam konflik peperangan dengan penduduk tempatan.

Pigafetta mencatatkan ramai pelayar, termasuk Magellan terbunuh dan hanya 18 pelayar termasuk dirinya dan Elcano berjaya melarikan diri dan pulang ke Sepanyol pada tahun 1522.

Enrique bagaimanapun diriwayatkan tidak dibunuh tetapi ditinggalkan di pulau itu dan ramai pengkaji sejarah meyakini pemuda itu kembali ke kampung halaman asalnya yang ditinggalkan lama dulu.

Ia sekali gus menjadikan beliau manusia pertama menyelesaikan pengembaraan mengelilingi dunia, iaitu lebih awal berbanding Pigafetta, Elcano serta 16 pelayar yang selamat kembali ke Sepanyol.

Tercatat dalam sejarah luar

Bagaimanapun, selama ratusan tahun, pencapaian pemuda Melaka itu tidak disedari ramai pihak termasuklah masyarakat negara ini. Hal ini disebabkan kewujudan pemuda terbabit tidak direkod dalam kitab Melayu lama yang menjadi asas rujukan sejarah negara sejak ratusan tahun lalu.

Walaupun peranan pemuda itu tidak tercatat dalam kitab Sejarah Melayu, kewujudan beliau tidak dinafikan kerana tertera dalam catatan sejarah pelbagai bangsa asing, terutama catatan Pigafetta.

Sejarah dilakarkan pemuda Melaka itu sememangnya satu pencapaian besar buat bangsa Melayu tetapi sayangnya peristiwa agung itu kini bagai sudah hilang daripada lembaran sejarah negara.

Berbanding tokoh lain seperti Hang Tuah, Tok Janggut, Parameswara mahupun Pak Pandir, tidak ramai masyarakat, terutama generasi baharu mengetahui atau mengenali jasa pemuda terbabit.

Kisah pencapaian pemuda Melaka itu, bagaimanapun berjaya dikesan penulis fiksyen sejarah, iaitu Harun Aminurrashid yang menghasilkan novel tokoh itu pada tahun 1958. Berikutan nama Melayu pemuda itu tidak diketahui, maka Harun menggelarkan beliau sebagai 'Panglima Awang'.