Kegagalan Hati

[TXT]

Heart Failure:

Definition:

Heart Failure (HF) is a clinical condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body’s metabolic demands, leading to inadequate tissue perfusion and fluid overload.

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Types:

1. Left-sided Heart Failure

Failure of the left ventricle to pump effectively.

Leads to pulmonary congestion and respiratory symptoms.

2. Right-sided Heart Failure

Failure of the right ventricle to pump effectively.

Leads to systemic venous congestion and peripheral edema.

3. Systolic Heart Failure

Reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).

4. Diastolic Heart Failure

Preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).

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Causes / Risk Factors:

Coronary artery disease

Hypertension

Myocardial infarction

Cardiomyopathy

Valvular heart diseases

Diabetes mellitus

Excessive alcohol, smoking

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Clinical Features:

Left-sided failure: Dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, cough, pulmonary edema, fatigue.

Right-sided failure: Peripheral edema, ascites, hepatomegaly, jugular venous distension (JVD), weight gain.

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Complications:

Pulmonary edema

Arrhythmias

Renal impairment

Cardiogenic shock

Death

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Management:

1. Lifestyle Modifications

Low-salt diet, fluid restriction

Weight monitoring

Avoid smoking, alcohol

Regular physical activity (as tolerated)

2. Pharmacological Treatment

Diuretics (e.g., Furosemide)

ACE inhibitors / ARBs

Beta-blockers

Aldosterone antagonists (e.g., Spironolactone)

Vasodilators

Digoxin (in selected cases)

3. Advanced Therapies

Cardiac resynchronization therapy

Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)

Heart transplant (in end-stage disease)

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This is a concise overview of Heart Failure.